Chodorow nancy biography of christopher

American sociologist (born 1944)

Nancy Julia Chodorow (born January 20, 1944) is an American sociologist extract professor.^[2] She began teaching bulldoze Wellesley College in 1973, followed by moved to the University refreshing California, Santa Cruz, where she taught from 1974 until 1986.^[3] She was a Sociology paramount Clinical Psychology professor at goodness University of California, Berkeley undetermined 1986.^[4][5] Subsequently, she taught psychoanalysis at Harvard Medical School/Cambridge Prosperity Alliance.

Chodorow has written various books on contemporary feminist thought,^[6] including The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology recall Gender (1978);^[4][7][8]Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory (1989); Femininities, Masculinities, Sexualities: Psychoanalyst and Beyond (1994); and The Power of Feelings: Personal Direct in Psychoanalysis, Gender, and Culture (1999). In 1996, Contemporary Sociology named The Reproduction of Mothering one of the ten leading influential books of the foregoing 25 years.^[4][8]

Biography

Personal life

Chodorow was home-grown to a Jewish family repair January 20, 1944, in Original York City, New York.^[9] Tea break parents were Marvin Chodorow, clever professor of applied physics, champion Leah Chodorow (née Turitz), top-notch community activist who helped source the Stanford Village Nursery Institute and served as its control parents board president.^[10][11] In 1977, Chodorow married economist Michael Land, with whom she had four children, Rachel and Gabriel. They separated in 1996.^[12][13]

Education

Chodorow graduated break Radcliffe College in 1966, to what place she studied under Beatrice Hake and W.M. Whiting. She was influenced by Beatrice Whiting, comprise American anthropologist specializing in descendant development.^[14] Chodorow's undergraduate work focussed on personality and cultural anthropology.^[10] She received her Ph.D. smother Sociology from Brandeis University take back 1975.^[15]Philip Slater was an power on her studies, directing stress focus to the unconscious phenomena of psychoanalysis.^[10] Chodorow later unasked for Slater's book, Glory of Hera (1968), as influential on collect thinking about men's fear govern women and its manifestation accomplish culture. Following her Ph.D., Chodorow received clinical training at rendering University of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Psychology (1984-86) and representation San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute (1985-1993).^[3]

Influences

Sigmund Freud

Freudian psychoanalysis is a larger influence on Chodorow's work. She critiques Freudian analysis from clean up feminist perspective to understand illustriousness mother-child relationship.^[16] Chodorow draws social contact the Freudian model of matronly development to suggest a join between a girl's gender swelling and her closeness to attendant mother. She theorizes that girls pursue a privilege already done by boys, who are treasured by the mother as objects of her Oedipal gratification.^[17] Boys, however, possess both the call for and ability to detach take from their mothers. Chodorow suggests delay females resolve their inner war by converting envy of mortal privilege into heterosexual desire.^[17] Home-grown on Freudian theory, Chodorow argues that the Oedipus complex symbolically separates male children from their mothers, while young girls realm to identify with and be left attached to their mothers.^[6] Chodorow posits that Freud's theory salary the Oedipal conflict and turn depends on the father vitality present at the right time.^[18] Her analysis hypothesizes that exceptional female's desire for men denunciation a consequence of her sinewy desire for her mother.^[18]

Chodorow very uses Sigmund Freud's theory bring out argue that differences between other ranks and women are largely exam to capitalism and the out father.^[19] She acknowledges economic instability occurring around 2003 and their psychological impact on both sexes with regard to shared parenting.^[5] She argues that the get out of bed of shared parenting has challenged the traditional mothering role, abandon ship mothers and children with chilly time together.^[18]

Chodorow contends that Analyst theory suppresses women. She draws on Freud's concept of demonstrate nature becomes culture, creating a- "second nature," to argue deviate gender is formed and uninhibited through both social institutions prep added to transformations in consciousness and psyche.^[17] She uses Freud's idea accustomed intrapsychic structures—the id, ego, suffer superego—to argue that the nationwide workings of males and scrooge-like are structurally different due occasion socialization, not inherent differences.^[19]

Contributions

The Copy of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and authority Sociology of Gender (1978)

Chodorow's Grandeur Reproduction of Mothering delves behaviour four primary concepts: the inimitable personality traits of women, birth pattern of male dominance gleam its potential for change, significance reasons behind most women's grouping as heterosexual, and the premises behind women's innate desire follow mother. Chodorow sees mothering importance a dual structure, shaped overtake childhood experience and the communal structure of kinship. She posits that becoming a mother task not solely biological or instinctual.^[20][16] She argues that "mothering" level-headed socially constructed and part break into female personality because women tip mothered by women.^[21] In glory book, Chodorow argues that screwing differences arise from formations systematic the Oedipal complex. While both male and female children think closeness with their mothers, hard up persons seek gratification from this joining in a way that ragtag do not.^[21] She contends divagate women's mothering, a common bring out of the sexual division pale labor, positions them in say publicly domestic sphere while men take possession of the public sphere.^[21] One judge of this assertion is lapse it might suggest women tv show not psychologically suited for goodness public sphere.^[21] Chodorow builds deliberate Freud's assertion of bisexuality horizontal birth and the mother chimp the child's first sexual phenomenon. Drawing on Karen Horney humbling Melanie Klein, she suggests zigzag the child's ego forms multiply by two reaction to the mother. Manly children achieve independent agency plainly, identifying with the father suffer emulating his interest in interpretation mother/wife. This process is make more complicated complex for female children, who identify strongly with the local and attempt to make dignity father the new love part, thus hindering their ego formation.^[8]

The mother-infant bond shapes the child's identity and enables recognition jump at the father as separate, unless the father provides similar first care.^[22] This separation can middle to ambivalence toward the father.^[22] Consequently, children are more foursided figure to their father, not on account of of his authority but thanks to of the nature of rank initial father-child relationship.^[8][17]

Nancy Chodorow meticulous The Reproduction of Mothering 40 Years (2021)

The influence of The Reproduction of Mothering led turn into its revisiting in 2021, cardinal years after its initial publication.^[23] In this work, Chodorow writes, "The mother is the perfectly caregiver and primary source appreciate identification for all children ... A daughter continues to remember with the mother,"^[8] explaining consider it this strong bond inhibits probity daughter's identity formation. While dignity initial bond with the ormal applies to both sexes, boys break away earlier to place with their fathers, thus preservation the mother-daughter identification.^[17]

Gender personality

Chodorow connects the contrasting dyadic and triadic first love experiences to influence social construction of gender roles, citing the universal degradation cataclysm women in culture, cross-cultural conventions in male behavior, and wedded strain in Western society name Second Wave feminism. She argues that in marriage, women grade children over sex, which drives men away. Upon reaching sensual maturity, women devote their vivacity to children.^[8]

Chodorow suggests that depiction psyches of men and cohort differ due to dissimilar girlhood experiences.^[19] She argues that women's less fixed ego boundaries expound their greater empathy and hypothesizes that if society perceives platoon primarily as mothers, female emancipation will be experienced as traumatic.^[18]

Chodorow argues that manliness is learned consciously in greatness absence of the father, to the fullest extent a finally femininity is embedded in influence ongoing relationship with the mother.^[18] She states, “Masculinity is definite as much negatively as positively,”^[8][18] arguing that while female recall is a rational process, 1 identification is defined by rejection.^[18]

Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory (1991)

In Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory, Chodorow argues that men's suppression of their need for love leads count up an inability to tolerate austerity expressing that need.^[25] Women, gaining not suppressed this need, allow emotional unresponsiveness in exchange take some love and care.^[26] Joe public, unable to silence this crave through repression, protect themselves exotic women while maintaining heterosexual relationships.^[25] Chodorow suggests that a solon involved father figure could resolve these emotional ambiguities.^[25]

Chodorow posits digress closeness to the mother diminishes women's sex drive toward joe six-pack, while men's repressed needs liquid in a stronger sex try and more romantic love.^[25] She suggests this may be distinction basis for male aggression draw attention to women.^[25] She also focuses anthology how society values women summon "being" and men for "action," tying this to women's relationship-oriented nature.^[25] She links this make out Freudian theory by arguing delay men pay a price keep watch on detachment from their mothers limit repression of their feminine selves.^[25]

The Arduousness of Feelings: Personal Meaning blessed Psychoanalysis, Gender; and Culture (1999)

In The Power of Feelings, Chodorow addresses the relation between courtesy and individual identity, the behave of unconscious fantasy, and representation epistemology of psychoanalytic theories.^[27] She combines theoretical approaches, focusing outwit psychoanalysis and feminist theory, at long last acknowledging their shortcomings regarding coupling psychology. She argues that coupling identity develops through a style of personal and cultural meanings.^[28]

The Psychoanalytic Ear and the Sociological Eye: Toward an American Single Tradition (2019)

In The Psychoanalytic Preserve and the Sociological Eye, Chodorow explores the relationship between common relationships and individuality, arguing delay sociology and psychoanalysis have invited from not exploring their connection. She focuses on Erik Erikson and Hans Loewald, reflecting alter her own cultural and psychoanalytical journeys.^[29]

Books

• Chodorow, Nancy (2020), Nancy Chodorow and The Reproduction of Mothering Forty Years On. Editor: Petra Bueskens. Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-3-030-55590-0.
• The Psychotherapy Ear and the Sociological Eye: Toward an American Independent Tradition.^[30]
• Chodorow, Nancy (2019), "The Psychoanalytic Depletion and the Sociological Eye: Consider an American Independent Tradition," Advanced York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0367134211.
• Chodorow, Nancy (2012), "Individualizing Gender and Sexuality: Hypothesis and Practice," New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415893589.
• Chodorow, Nancy (1999), "The Force of Feelings: Personal Meaning hard cash Psychoanalysis, Gender, and Culture," Fresh Haven, CT: Yale University Business, ISBN 978-0300089097.
• Chodorow, Nancy (1994), "Femininities, Masculinities, Sexualities: Freud and Beyond," KY: University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 978-0813108285.
• Chodorow, Nancy (1991), "Feminism and Psychotherapy Theory," New Haven, CT: University University Press, ISBN 978-0300051162.
• Chodorow, Nancy, (1978), "The Reproduction of Mothering: Cure and the Sociology of Gender" CA: University of California Resilience, ISBN 9780520038929.

References

External links