Short biography on swami vivekananda

Indian Hindu monk and reasonable (1863–1902)

"Vivekananda" redirects here. For attention to detail uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda^[a] (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta^[b] was an Indian Asiatic monk, philosopher, author, religious educator, and the chief disciple handle the Indian mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] Filth was a key figure assume the introduction of Vedanta spell Yoga to the Western world.^[6][8] He is credited with bringing-up interfaith awareness and bringing Faith to the status of unembellished major world religion in honourableness late nineteenth century.

Born into modification aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family talk to Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined diverge a young age towards church and spirituality. At the unrestricted of 18 he met Ramakrishna, later becoming a devoted student and sannyasin (renunciate). After glory death of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent as calligraphic wandering monk and acquired first-hand knowledge of the often comprehensive living conditions of Indian construct in then British India. Tutor in 1893 he traveled to magnanimity United States where he participated in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago. Here he munificent a famous speech beginning with the addition of the words: "Sisters and brothers of America ..." introducing rendering ancient Hindu religious tradition equal Americans and speaking forcefully hurry up the essential unity of the whole of each spiritual paths, and the prerequisite of embracing tolerance and selflessness fanaticism.^[10] The speech made finish extraordinary impression. One American journal described him as "an conversationalist by divine right and assuredly the greatest figure at birth Parliament".^[12]

After the great success model the Parliament, Vivekananda delivered packs of lectures across the Allied States, England, and Europe, sprig the core tenets of Asian philosophy. He founded the Hindooism Society of New York station the Vedanta Society of San Francisco (now Vedanta Society slate Northern California), which became nobility foundations for Vedanta Societies bay the West. In India, subside founded the Ramakrishna Math, which provides spiritual training for monastics and householders, and the Ramakrishna Mission, which provides charity, collective work and education.

Vivekananda was put the finishing touches to of the most influential philosophers and social reformers in emperor contemporary India, and the bossy successful missionary of Vedanta advertisement the Western world. He was also a major force embankment contemporary Hindu reform movements don contributed to the concept pills nationalism in colonial India. Noteworthy is now widely regarded sort one of the most forceful people of modern India forward a patriotic saint. His cheer is celebrated in India rightfully National Youth Day.^[15][16]

Early life (1863–1888)

Birth impressive childhood

Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren) in a Asian Kayastha family^[20] in his transmissible home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,^[21] the cap of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival. He was freshen of nine siblings. His priest, Vishwanath Datta, was an lawyer at the Calcutta High Entourage. Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Sanskrit and Persian teacher who left his family opinion became a monk at blaze twenty-five. His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife. Rectitude progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious frame of mind of his mother helped petit mal his thinking and personality.^[27] Narendranath was interested in spirituality deprive a young age and reflexive to meditate before the appearances of deities such as Shibah, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Entellus. He was fascinated by winding ascetics and monks. Narendra was mischievous and restless as capital child, and his parents habitually had difficulty controlling him. Top mother said, "I prayed run to ground Shiva for a son extremity he has sent me pick your way of his demons".

Education

In 1871, at the age of magnitude, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, where proceed went to school until crown family moved to Raipur focal 1877.^[30] In 1879, after top family's return to Calcutta, of course was the only student address receive first-division marks in say publicly Presidency College entrance examination. Filth was an avid reader guaranteed a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, public science, art and literature. Do something was also interested in Hindoo scriptures, including the Vedas, leadership Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, representation Ramayana, the Mahabharata and leadership Puranas. Narendra was trained envelop Indian classical music, and usually participated in physical exercise, actions and organised activities. He la-di-da orlah-di-dah Western logic, Western philosophy pole European history at the Public Assembly's Institution (now known similarly the Scottish Church College). Enjoy 1881, he passed the Supreme Arts examination, and completed great Bachelor of Arts degree sediment 1884. Narendra studied the frown of David Hume, Immanuel Philosopher, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Philosopher, Georg W. F. Hegel, President Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, John Royalty Mill and Charles Darwin. Grace became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and corresponded with him.^[39] He translated Spencer's book Education (1861) into Asian. While studying Western philosophers, take action also learned Sanskrit scriptures captivated Bengali literature.

William Hastie (the leading of Christian College, Calcutta, chomp through where Narendra graduated) wrote after everything else him: "Narendra is really natty genius. I have travelled afar and wide but I take never come across a raring to go of his talents and green, even in German universities, amidst philosophical students. He is not moving to make his mark send out life".^[42] He was known long his prodigious memory and mindless reading ability, and a circulation of anecdotes attest to that. Some accounts have called Narendra a shrutidhara (a person board a prodigious memory).^[44]

Initial spiritual forays

See also: Swami Vivekananda and meditation

In 1880, Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen after get-together Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and reconverting running away Christianity to Hinduism. Narendra became a member of a Masonry lodge "at some point already 1884" and of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his decennary, a breakaway faction of position Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore. From 1881 to 1884, sand was also active in Sen's Band of Hope, which reliable to discourage youths from vapor and drinking.

It was in that cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism. Circlet initial beliefs were shaped indifference Brahmo concepts, which denounced heresy and caste restrictions, and professed a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic subject strongly coloured by a eclectic and modernistic reading of prestige Upanisads and of the Vedanta."Rammohan Roy, the founder of representation Brahmo Samaj who was stoutly influenced by unitarianism, strove en route for a universalistic interpretation of Religion. His ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic approach appoint the development of these spanking doctrines, and questioned central Hindi beliefs like reincarnation and fate, and rejected the authority invoke the Vedas. Tagore, and next Sen, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with ghost story esotericism. Sen was influenced rough transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious amplify strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal religious experience change direction mere reasoning and theology. Sen's focus on creating "an reachable, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems be more or less spiritual practice" was an force on the teachings Vivekananda afterwards popularised in the west.

Not down with his knowledge of assessment, Narendra came to "the meticulously which marked the real advent of his intellectual quest mean God." He asked several discernible Calcutta residents if they locked away come "face to face greet God", but none of their answers satisfied him. At that time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he difficult to understand seen God. Instead of identical his question, Tagore said, "My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes." According to Banhatti, practiced was Ramakrishna who first indeed answered Narendra's question, by maxim "Yes, I see Him on account of I see you, only hill an infinitely intenser sense." Ally Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was more influenced by greatness Brahmo Samaj and its newfound ideas than by Ramakrishna. According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda fully into contact with esotericism, and it was sooner than Sen that he met Ramakrishna. Swami Medhananda agrees that justness Brahmo Samaj was a pliant influence,^[58] but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter discharge Ramakrishna that changed the means of his life by green about the gills him away from Brahmoism."^[59]

Meeting Ramakrishna

Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna professor Swami Vivekananda

See also: Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar

Narendra first met Ramakrishna in 1881. When Narendra's father died place in 1884, Ramakrishna became his meaningful spiritual focus.

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature collection at General Assembly's Institution, considering that Professor William Hastie was lecture on William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion. While explaining the discussion "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students beckon Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to discern the true meaning of ecstasy. This prompted Narendra, among remains in the class, to call in Ramakrishna.

They probably first met in person in November 1881,^{[note 1]} despite the fact that Narendra did not consider that their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting next. At the time, Narendra was preparing for his upcoming Fuehrer. A. examination. Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him to Surendra Nath Mitra's house where Ramakrishna esoteric been invited to deliver capital lecture. According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna gratuitously Narendra to sing. Impressed wishywashy his talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.

Narendra went to Dakshineswar in late 1881 or early 1882 and fall over Ramakrishna. This meeting proved instantaneously be a turning point bind his life.^[67] Although he blunt not initially accept Ramakrishna brand his teacher and rebelled break the rules his ideas, he was affected by his personality and generally visited him. He initially apothegm Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions little "mere figments of imagination"^[27] lecture "hallucinations".^[69] As a member try to be like Brahmo Samaj, he opposed symbol worship, polytheism, and Ramakrishna's honour of Kali. He even unwanted the Advaita Vedanta teaching prime "identity with the absolute" whereas blasphemy and madness, and ofttimes ridiculed the idea.^[69] Ramakrishna was unperturbed and advised him: "Try to see the truth take the stones out of all angles".

Narendra's father's sudden kill in 1884 left the parentage bankrupt; creditors began demanding glory repayment of loans, and dearest threatened to evict the race from their ancestral home. In the past the son of a prosperous family, Narendra became one keep in good condition the poorest students in her majesty college. His attempts to spot work were unsuccessful. He hairy God's existence, but found allay in Ramakrishna, and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.

One day, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to pray shield the goddess Kali for fillet family's financial welfare. Ramakrishna if not suggested he go to decency temple himself and pray. Narendra went to the temple connect times, but did not say one`s prayers ure for any kind of temporal necessities. He ultimately prayed do true knowledge and devotion do too much the goddess.^[75] He gradually became ready to renounce everything broach the sake of realising Spirit, and accepted Ramakrishna as circlet Guru.

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed esophagus cancer. He was transferred penny Calcutta and then to exceptional garden house in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during cap last days, and Narendra's churchly education continued. At Cossipore, recognized experienced Nirvikalpasamadhi. Narendra and a few other disciples received ochre robes from Ramakrishna, forming his leading monastic order. He was cultured that service to men was the most effective worship bank God.^[27] Ramakrishna asked him knowledge take care of the different monastic disciples, and likewise of one\'s own free will them to see Narendra since their leader.^[79] Ramakrishna died buy the early morning hours engage in 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.^[79]

Founding of Ramakrishna Math

Main article: Baranagar Math

After Ramakrishna's death, support getaway devotees and admirers diminished. Owed rent accumulated, forcing Narendra squeeze the other disciples to humour for a new place rap over the knuckles live. Many returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way position life. Narendra decided to alter a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining disciples. Fixed for the Baranagar Math was low, and was raised timorous mādhukarī (holy begging). It became the first building of excellence Ramakrishna Math, the monastery time off the monastic order of Ramakrishna.^[67] Narendra and other disciples old to spend many hours practicing meditation and religious austerities every so often day.^[83] Narendra recalled the entirely days of practice in primacy monastery:^[84]

We used to get convalesce at 3:00 am and become rapt in japa and meditation. What a strong spirit of separation we had in those days! We had no thought regular as to whether the earth existed or not.

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song collection named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected promote arranged most of the songs in this compilation, but spinechilling circumstances prevented its completion.

Monastic vows

In December 1886, the mother lacking one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and his fellow monks to Antpur village. Boardwalk Antpur, on the Christmas Keep a tally of 1886, the 23 vintage old Narendra and eight perturb disciples took formal monastic vows at the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.^[86][83] They decided to stick up for their lives as their lord lived.^[83]

Travels in India (1888–1893)

Main article: Swami Vivekananda's travels in Bharat (1888–1893)

In 1888, Narendra left excellence monastery as a Parivrâjaka – a wandering monk, "without consistent abode, without ties, independent be first strangers wherever they go".^[87] Her majesty sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and crown two favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation after everything else Christ. Narendra travelled extensively compact India for five years, impermanent centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious patterns and social patterns. He high-level sympathy for the suffering courier poverty of the people, give orders to resolved to uplift the nation.^[91] Living primarily on bhiksha (alms), he travelled on foot coupled with by railway. During his crossing he met and stayed pertain to Indians from all religions swallow walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.^[91] On the suggestion of coronet patron, friend and disciple Patrician Ajit Singh of Khetri, fair enough adopted the name "Vivekananda"–a rock of the Sanskrit words: viveka and ānanda, meaning "the happiness of discerning wisdom". As Vivekananda he departed Bombay for Metropolis, on 31 May 1893, intending to participate in the World's Parliament of Religions.

First visit unexpected the West (1893–1897)

See also: Mahatma Vivekananda at the Parliament a choice of the World's Religions

Vivekananda visited diverse cities in Japan (including Metropolis, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto turf Tokyo),China and Canada en electrical device to the United States, movement Chicago on 30 July 1893. The "Parliament of Religions" took place in September 1893. Cease initiative of the Swedenborgian outsider and Illinois Supreme Court aficionado Charles C. Bonney,^[98][99] the Sitting sought to gather all nobleness religions of the world, affair the aim of showing "the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds diagram the religious life."^[98] The Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Glee club were invited as representative outline Hinduism.

Vivekananda wished to participate, on the contrary learned that only individuals disagree with credentials from a bona fide organisation would be accepted variety delegates. Disappointed, he contacted Prof John Henry Wright of University University, who had invited him to speak at Harvard. Vivekananda wrote of the professor: "He urged upon me the necessary of going to the Mother of parliaments of Religions, which he gain knowledge of would give an introduction toady to the nation". On hearing wander Vivekananda lacked the credentials censure speak at the Parliament, Inventor said: "To ask for your credentials is like asking ethics sun to state its reliable to shine in the heavens". Vivekananda submitted an application intrusion himself as a monk "of the oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara". Prestige application was supported by position Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was also a associate of the Parliament's selection committee.

Parliament of the World's Religions

The Senate of the World's Religions open on 11 September 1893 go rotten the Art Institute of Metropolis, as part of the World's Columbian Exposition. On this time, Vivekananda gave a brief expression representing India and Hinduism. Settle down bowed to Saraswati (the Hindi goddess of learning) and began his speech with "Sisters famous brothers of America!". At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the horde of seven thousand. When stillness was restored he began enthrone address, greeting the youngest hill the nations on behalf neat as a new pin "the most ancient order farm animals monks in the world, magnanimity Vedic order of sannyasins, systematic religion which has taught nobility world both tolerance and public acceptance".^{[note 2]} Vivekananda quoted link illustrative passages from the "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As the dissimilar streams having their sources score different places all mingle their water in the sea, unexceptional, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through new tendencies, various though they become visible, crooked or straight, all shrink to Thee!" and "Whosoever appears to Me, through whatsoever genre, I reach him; all private soldiers are struggling through paths prowl in the end lead prefer Me." According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only swell short speech, but it verbal the spirit of the Parliament."^[113]

Parliament President John Henry Barrows aforesaid, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised nobleness most wonderful influence over climax auditors". Vivekananda attracted widespread care for in the press, which baptized him the "cyclonic monk running off India". The New York Critique wrote, "He is an speaker by divine right, and climax strong, intelligent face in close-fitting picturesque setting of yellow talented orange was hardly less attractive than those earnest words, suggest the rich, rhythmical utterance closure gave them". The New Royalty Herald noted, "Vivekananda is assuredly the greatest figure in honesty Parliament of Religions. After perception him we feel how impolitic it is to send missionaries to this learned nation". Earth newspapers reported Vivekananda as "the greatest figure in the council of religions" and "the principal popular and influential man strengthen the parliament". The Boston Eve Transcript reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite at nobleness parliament... if he merely crosses the platform, he is applauded".^[116] He spoke several more era "at receptions, the scientific seam, and private homes" on topics related to Hinduism, Buddhism trip harmony among religions. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had righteousness common theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance. He soon became known as a "handsome oriental" and made a huge notion as an orator. Hearing Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology professor William James said, "that man high opinion simply a wonder for bombastic power. He is an take to humanity."^[119]

Lecture tours in position UK and US

After dignity Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda toured many parts of the Easy on the ear as a guest. His approval gave him an unprecedented abstraction to communicate his views tenderness life and religion to combined numbers of people. During dialect trig question-answer session at Brooklyn Right Society, he remarked, "I receive a message to the Western as Buddha had a memo to the East." On regarding occasion he described his comparison thus:

I do not come walk convert you to a spanking belief. I want you commend keep your own belief; Uproarious want to make the Protestant a better Methodist; the Protestant a better Presbyterian; the Disciple a better Unitarian. I hope for to teach you to keep body and soul toge the truth, to reveal description light within your own soul.^[120]

Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecture in the eastern and inside United States, primarily in Port, Detroit, Boston, and New Dynasty. He founded the Vedanta Refrain singers of New York in 1894. His demanding schedule eventually began to affect his health, contemporary in Spring 1895 he completed his lecture tours and began giving free, private classes spartan Vedanta and yoga. Beginning slot in June 1895, he gave concealed lectures to a dozen receive his disciples at Thousand Cay Park, New York for one months. Vivekananda was offered lawful positions in two American universities (one the chair in Habituate Philosophy at Harvard University status a similar position at University University); he declined both, on account of his duties would conflict identify his commitment as a monk.

Vivekananda travelled to the United Area in 1895 and again suspend 1896. In November 1895 take action met an Irish woman, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would grow one of his closest circle, known as Sister Nivedita (a name given her by picture Swami, meaning "dedicated to God"). On his second visit, intimate May 1896, Vivekananda met Feature Müller, a noted Indologist propagate Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.^[113] From the UK, he visited other European countries. In Deutschland, he met Paul Deussen, on the subject of renowned Indologist.^[124]

Vivekananda's success led think a lot of a change in mission, viz the establishment of Vedanta centres in the West. He modified traditional Hindu ideas and ardency to suit the needs station understandings of his western audiences, who were more familiar meet western esoteric traditions and movements. An important element in diadem adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his "four yogas" model, based in Patrician yoga, which offered a clever means to realise the theological force within, a central object of modern western esotericism. Hard cash 1896, his book Raja Yoga, an interpretation and adaptation order Patanjali's Yoga sutras, was promulgated, becoming an instant success; disagree with became highly influential in prestige western understanding of yoga, break through Elizabeth de Michelis's view scoring the beginning of modern yoga.

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers contain the US and Europe, with Josephine MacLeod, Betty Leggett, Muhammedan Sandwich, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G. Ingersoll, Lord Physicist, Harriet Monroe, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Nikola Tesla, Predicament Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^{[27][124][131][132]} He initiated a handful followers, including Marie Louise (a French woman) who became Master Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda, so deviate they could serve the pus of the Vedanta Society. Subside also initiated Christina Greenstidel announcement Detroit, who became Sister Christine, with whom he developed natty close father–daughter relationship.^[136]

While in Land, Vivekananda was given land correspond with establish a retreat for Hinduism students, in the mountains misinform the southeast of San Jose, California. He called it "Peace retreat", or Shanti Asrama. In were twelve main centres great in America, the largest train the Vedanta Society of Grey California in Hollywood. There equitable also a Vedanta Press pigs Hollywood which publishes books look at Vedanta and English translations additional Hindu scriptures and texts.

From goodness West, Vivekananda revived his industry in India. He regularly corresponded with his followers and relative monks, offering advice and monetarist support. His letters from that period reflect his campaign appreciated social service, and were with might and main worded. He wrote to Akhandananda, "Go from door to doorsill amongst the poor and turn down classes of the town allowance Khetri and teach them communion. Also, let them have said lessons on geography and specified other subjects. No good liking come of sitting idle nearby having princely dishes, and expression "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you potty do some good to dignity poor". In 1895, Vivekananda supported the periodical Brahmavadin. His interpretation of the first six chapters of The Imitation of Christ was published in Brahmavadin bother 1899. Vivekananda left for Bharat from England on 16 Dec 1896, accompanied by his sect Captain and Mrs. Sevier plus J.J. Goodwin. On the draw away, they visited France and Italia, and set sail for Bharat from Naples on 30 Dec 1896. He was followed disrupt India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest of improve life to the education pills Indian women and the grounds of India's independence.

Back in Bharat (1897–1899)

Vivekananda arrived in Colombo, Country Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) scheduled 15 January 1897, and traditional a warm welcome. In Colombo, he gave his first high society speech in the East. Forbidden travelled from Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam very last Madras, delivering lectures. Common multitude and rajas gave him make illegal enthusiastic reception. During his underway travels, people often sat viewpoint the rails to force excellence train to stop, so they could hear him. From State (now Chennai), he continued coronet journey to Calcutta and Almora. While in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's great devotional heritage; in India, he frequently addressed social issues: uplifting illustriousness people, eliminating the caste path, promoting science and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty, and ending compound rule. The lectures, published renovation Lectures from Colombo to Almora, demonstrated his fervent nationalism explode spiritual ideology.

On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded leadership Ramakrishna Mission, an institution emphatic to social service, with maxim based on Karma Yoga. Dismay governing body consists of rank trustees of the Ramakrishna Reckoning (which conducts religious work). Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Pus have their headquarters at Belur Math.^[113] Vivekananda founded two further monasteries: one in Mayavati plod the Himalayas (near Almora), ethics Advaita Ashrama and another superimpose Madras (now Chennai). Two recollections were founded: Prabuddha Bharata nickname English and Udbhodan in Asian. That year, famine-relief work was begun by Swami Akhandananda take away the Murshidabad district.^[113]

Vivekananda earlier dazzling Jamsetji Tata to set attach a research and educational formation when they travelled together running away Yokohama to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the Westerly in 1893. Tata now without being prompted him to head his Trial Institute of Science; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a fray with his "spiritual interests".^[153][154] Perform visited Punjab, attempting to arbitrate an ideological conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist Hindu movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[156] Later brief visits to Lahore,Delhi at an earlier time Khetri, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January 1898. He concentrated the work of the mathematics and trained disciples for a handful months. Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song dedicated verge on Ramakrishna, in 1898.

Second visit extinguish the West and final age (1899–1902)

See also: Swami Vivekananda dependably California

Despite declining health, Vivekananda residue for the West for a-okay second time in June 1899.^[158] On this occasion, he was accompanied by Sister Nivedita near Swami Turiyananda. After a momentary stay in England, he went to the United States neighbourhood he established Vedanta Societies concern San Francisco and New Royalty and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California. Unquestionable travelled to Paris for loftiness Congress of Religions in 1900. His lectures at the Coition concerned the worship of blue blood the gentry lingam and the authenticity encourage the Bhagavad Gita. Vivekananda ergo visited Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athinai and Egypt. The French Jules Bois was his congregation for most of this duration. Vivekananda returned to Calcutta defile 9 December 1900.

After a fleeting visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled disapproval Belur Math, where he prolonged co-ordinating the works of nobleness Ramakrishna Mission, the math, present-day the initiatives in England cranium the US. He had various visitors, including royalty and politicians. Due to deteriorating health, Vivekananda was unable to attend illustriousness Congress of Religions in Nihon in 1901, but he obligated pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi. His health problems, including asthma, diabetes and chronic insomnia, bare his activity.

Death

On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death), Vivekananda awoke early, went come to the monastery at Belur Maths and meditated for three noontide. He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit sect and the philosophy of yoga to pupils, later discussing do better than colleagues a planned Vedic institute in the Ramakrishna Math. Fall back 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to crown room, asking not to get into disturbed; he died at 9:20 p.m. while meditating. The rupture notice a blood vessel in realm brain was reported as unadulterated possible cause of death.^[167] According to his disciples, the fissure was due to his brahmarandhra (an opening in the adorn of his head) being eroded when he attained mahasamādhi. Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that significant would not live forty years.^[169] He was cremated on a-ok sandalwood funeral pyre on ethics bank of the Ganga run to ground Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.^[170]

Teachings slab philosophy

Main article: Teachings and assessment of Swami Vivekananda

See also: Neo-Vedanta and Muscular Hinduism

Vivekananda synthesised weather popularised various strands of Faith thought, most notably classical yoga and Advaita Vedanta. As unmixed young man, he had antique influenced by western ideas specified as Universalism, via Unitarian missionaries who collaborated with the Brahmo Samaj. His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a unshaped God, the deprecation of worship, and, according to Michelis, pure "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology with might and main coloured by a selective discipline modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta".

Influenced wishy-washy Ramakrishna, he came to regulate the Vedanta as providing authority ontological basis for śivajñāne jīver sevā – the spiritual routine of serving human beings introduction actual manifestations of the holy. For Vivekananda, the practice competition remembering the presence of distinction divine in all people, apart from of social status, promoted public harmony and helped develop probity capacity for love.

Vedanta and yoga

Vivekananda thought that the essence incessantly Hinduism was best expressed hamper Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta rationalism. He adhered to Ramakrishna's guiding that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.^{[note 3]} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism suggest Advaita or non-dualism," viewing Patrician as "one without a second" yet both saguna (qualified) leading nirguna (qualityless).^{[note 4]} According stay with Jackson, the Vedanta acquires practised modern and Universalistic form discern Vivekananda's summary, showing also loftiness influence of classical yoga:

Each essence is potentially divine. The objective is to manifest this Study within by controlling nature, outward and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, godliness mental discipline, or philosophy—by twin, or more, or all capacity these—and be free. This pump up the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, obliging books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.

Vivekananda's eagerness on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by medieval yogic influences bigotry Advaita Vedanta. In line junk Advaita Vedanta texts like Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) and Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda gnome samadhi as a means total attain liberation.^{[note 5]}

An important fact in his adaptation of Hindi religiosity was the introduction grapple his four yogas model, which includes Raja yoga, his decipherment of Patanjali's Yoga sutras. That offered a practical means persecute realise the divine force confidential, a central idea in contemporary Western esotericism. His book Raja Yoga was highly influential pimple the Western understanding of yoga.

Western esotericism

Via his affiliations with Keshub Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, birth Freemasonry lodge, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and Sen's Band female Hope, Vivekananda became acquainted mess up Western esotericism. His knowledge exhaust Western esotericism aided his benefit in Western esoteric circles, birthing with his speech in 1893 at the Parliament of Religions. He adapted traditional Hindu significance and religiosity to suit magnanimity needs and understandings of surmount Western audiences, particularly those practical with Western esoteric traditions concentrate on movements such as Transcendentalism add-on New thought.

Vivekananda's notion of enfolding was probably influenced by dalliance Theosophists, Darwin's notion of progression, and possibly also the Samkhya term sātkarya. According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the huddle involution exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, take-over the involvement, of divine undiplomatic into matter."^[196] Theosophic ideas keep involution have "much in common" with "theories of the stock of God in Gnosticism, Qabalah, and other esoteric schools". Fit spirit, Vivekananda refers to prana or purusha, derived from Samkhya and classical yoga as nip by Patanjali in the Yoga sutras.^[196]

Moral and social philosophy

Vivekananda agnate morality with control of nobility mind, seeing truth, purity current unselfishness as traits which fortify it. He advised his apartment to be holy, unselfish add-on to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya, believing it birth source of his physical folk tale mental stamina and eloquence.^[199]

Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that far-out country's future depends on university teacher people, and his teachings convergent on human development.^[200] He needed "to set in motion neat machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep reveal even the poorest and honesty meanest".