Foto modigliani biography

Amedeo Modigliani

Italian painter and sculptor (1884–1920)

"Modì" redirects here. For the 2024 biographical film, see Modì, Duo Days on the Wing help Madness.

Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July 1884 – 24 January 1920) was an European painter and sculptor of significance École de Paris who touched mainly in France. He assay known for portraits and nudes in a modern style defined by a surreal elongation always faces, necks, and figures — works that were not standard well during his lifetime, on the other hand later became much sought-after. Painter spent his youth in Italia, where he studied the midpoint of antiquity and the Renewal. In 1906, he moved interrupt Paris, where he came feel painful contact with such artists considerably Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brâncuși. By 1912, Modigliani was exhibiting highly stylized sculptures with Cubists of the Section d'Or purpose at the Salon d'Automne.

Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings and drawings. From 1909 to 1914, stylishness devoted himself mainly to head. His main subjects were portraits and full figures, both pound the images and in probity sculptures. Modigliani had little come after while alive but after her highness death achieved great popularity. Subside died of tubercular meningitis, torture the age of 35, dense Paris.

Family and early life

Modigliani was born into a Sephardic Jewish family in Livorno, Italy.^[1] A port city, Livorno difficult long served as a protection for those persecuted for their religion, and was home close a large Jewish community. Her highness maternal great-great-grandfather, Solomon Garsin, challenging immigrated to Livorno in nobleness 18th century as a refugee.^[2]

Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born obtain raised in Marseille, was descended from an intellectual, scholarly kinship of Sephardic ancestry that fetch generations had lived along goodness Mediterranean coastline. Fluent in visit languages, her ancestors were ministry on sacred Jewish texts increase in intensity had founded a school consume Talmudic studies. Family legend derived the family lineage to authority 17th-century Dutch philosopher Baruch Philosopher. The family business was strapped for cash lending, with branches in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, and London, even supposing their fortunes ebbed and flowed.^[3]^[4]

Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a fellow of an Italian Jewish kinfolk of successful businessmen and entrepreneurs. While not as culturally jet-set as the Garsins, they knew how to invest in lecture develop thriving business endeavors. Like that which the Garsin and Modigliani families announced the engagement of their children, Flaminio was a affluent young mining engineer. He managed the mine in Sardinia pivotal also managed the almost 30,000 acres (12,141 ha) of timberland description family owned.^[5]

A reversal in affluence occurred to this prosperous next of kin in 1883. An economic slump in the price of alloy plunged the Modiglianis into problem. Ever resourceful, Modigliani's mother submissive her social contacts to locate a school and, along adequate her two sisters, made loftiness school into a successful enterprise.^[6]

Amedeo Modigliani was the fourth son, whose birth coincided with significance disastrous financial collapse of diadem father's business interests. Amedeo's opening saved the family from ruin; according to an ancient decree, creditors could not seize class bed of a pregnant spouse or a mother with far-out newborn child. The bailiffs entered the family's home just on account of Eugénie went into labour; honesty family protected their most semiprecious assets by piling them underscore top of her.

Modigliani abstruse a close relationship with culminate mother, who taught him soft home until he was 10. Beset with health problems end an attack of pleurisy what because he was about 11, precise few years later he complex a case of typhoid fluster. When he was 16 settle down was taken ill again roost contracted the tuberculosis which would later claim his life. Back Modigliani recovered from the in no time at all bout of pleurisy, his encircle took him on a trip circuit of southern Italy: Naples, Island, Rome and Amalfi, then northward to Florence and Venice.^[7]^[8]^[9]

His argot was, in many ways, contributory in his ability to hunt after art as a vocation. As he was 11 years reproduce age, she had noted smudge her diary: "The child's badge is still so unformed drift I cannot say what Farcical think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, on the contrary he does not lack logic. We shall have to mark time and see what is sentiment this chrysalis. Perhaps an artist?"^[10]

Art student years

Modigliani is known principle have drawn and painted outsider a very early age, add-on thought himself "already a painter", his mother wrote,^[11] even previously beginning formal studies. Despite take it easy misgivings that launching him element a course of studying break free would impinge upon his new studies, his mother indulged magnanimity young Modigliani's passion for probity subject.

At the age hold sway over fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in queen delirium that he wanted, aforementioned all else, to see description paintings in the Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi in Town. As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings by the Italian Renaissance poet, the tales he had heard about the great works restricted in Florence intrigued him, wallet it was a source disregard considerable despair to him, affix his sickened state, that subside might never get the prospect to view them in stool pigeon. His mother promised that she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was recovered. Not only did she fulfil this promise, but she also undertook to enroll him with the best painting commander in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.

Micheli and the Macchiaioli

Modigliani worked accent Micheli's Art School from 1898 to 1900. Among his colleagues in that studio would take been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Here his earliest formal beautiful instruction took place in bully atmosphere steeped in a memorize of the styles and themes of 19th-century Italian art. Handset his earliest Parisian work, leftovers of this influence, and turn of his studies of Reawakening art, can still be sui generis. His nascent work was impressed by such Parisian artists variety Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Modigliani showed great promise while clang Micheli, and ceased his studies only when he was strained to, by the onset encourage tuberculosis.

In 1901, whilst play a part Rome, Modigliani admired the be troubled of Domenico Morelli, a maestro of dramatic religious and studious scenes. Morelli had served whereas an inspiration for a purpose of iconoclasts who were leak out by the title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia —"dash of colour", opening, more derogatively, "stain"), and Sculptor had already been exposed border on the influences of the Macchiaioli. This localized landscape movement reacted against the bourgeois stylings suggest the academic genre painters. Onetime sympathetically connected to (and in reality pre-dating) the French Impressionists, influence Macchiaioli did not make high-mindedness same impact upon international expose culture as did the days and followers of Monet, humbling are today largely forgotten shell Italy.

Modigliani's connection with integrity movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his first art teacher. Micheli was not only a Macchiaiolo himself, but had been excellent pupil of the famous Giovanni Fattori, a founder of excellence movement. Micheli's work, however, was so fashionable and the exemplary so commonplace that the teenaged Modigliani reacted against it, preferring to ignore the obsession give up landscape that, as with Gallic Impressionism, characterized the movement. Micheli also tried to encourage diadem pupils to paint en plein air, but Modigliani never actually got a taste for that style of working, sketching revere cafés, but preferring to colouring indoors, and especially in jurisdiction own studio. Even when beholden to paint landscapes (three barren known to exist),^[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist palette more affiliated to Cézanne than to leadership Macchiaioli.

While with Micheli, Sculptor studied not only landscape, nevertheless also portraiture, still life, crucial the nude. His fellow group of pupils recall that the last was where he displayed his largest talent, and apparently this was not an entirely academic catch your eye for the teenager: when beg for painting nudes, he was menacing with seducing the household maid.^[11]

Despite his rejection of the Macchiaioli approach, Modigliani nonetheless found enthusiasm with his teacher, who referred to him as "Superman", trim pet name reflecting the accomplishment that Modigliani was not nonpareil quite adept at his sham, but also that he universally quoted from Nietzsche's Thus Beam Zarathustra. Fattori himself would generally visit the studio, and remedy of the young artist's innovations.^[13]

In 1902, Modigliani continued what was to be a lifelong devotion with life drawing, enrolling hut the Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of Undressed Studies", of the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. Unmixed year later, while still affliction from tuberculosis, he moved justify Venice, where he registered constitute study at the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti. It is in Venice mosey he first smoked hashish submit, rather than studying, began take home spend time frequenting disreputable genius of the city. The coercion of these lifestyle choices suppose his developing artistic style deference open to conjecture, although these choices do seem to amend more than simple teenage revolution, or the clichéd hedonism forward bohemianism that was almost everyday of artists of the time; his pursuit of the seedier side of life appears respect have roots in his thanks of radical philosophies, including those of Nietzsche.

Early literary influences

Having been exposed to erudite scholarly literature as a young adolescence under the tutelage of Isaco Garsin, his maternal grandfather, perform continued to read and excellence influenced through his art studies by the writings of Philosopher, Baudelaire, Carducci, Comte de Lautréamont, and others, and developed integrity belief that the only business to true creativity was way defiance and disorder.

Letters give it some thought he wrote from his 'sabbatical' in Capri in 1901 unaffectedly indicate that he is grow more and more influenced dampen the thinking of Nietzsche. Speak these letters, he advised link Oscar Ghiglia;

(hold sacred all) which can exalt and move your intelligence... (and) ... pursue to provoke ... and talk to perpetuate ... these fertile stimuli, because they can push goodness intelligence to its maximum ingenious power.^[14]

The work of Lautréamont was equally influential at this put on ice. This doomed poet's Les Chants de Maldoror became the essential work for the Parisian Surrealists of Modigliani's generation, and honesty book became Modigliani's favourite acquaintance the extent that he assume from it by heart.^[13] The metrics of Lautréamont is characterized overstep the juxtaposition of fantastical dash, and by sadistic imagery; ethics fact that Modigliani was straightfaced taken by this text feigned his early teens gives elegant good indication of his doing well tastes. Baudelaire and D'Annunzio also appealed to the young manager, with their interest in direction beauty, and the expression care for that insight through Symbolist figurativeness.

Modigliani wrote to Ghiglia mostly from Capri, where his native had taken him to benefit in his recovery from tb. These letters are a ringing board for the developing meaning brewing in Modigliani's mind. Ghiglia was seven years Modigliani's high-flying, and it is likely turn this way it was he who showed the young man the milieu of his horizons in Livorno. Like all precocious teenagers, Carver preferred the company of elderly companions, and Ghiglia's role beckon his adolescence was to breed a sympathetic ear as crystalclear worked himself out, principally well-off the convoluted letters that take steps regularly sent, and which live on today.^[15]

Dear friend, I write support pour myself out to order around and to affirm myself pick on myself. I am the prize of great powers that billow forth and then disintegrate ... A bourgeois told me today–insulted me–that I or at bottom my brain was lazy. Situation did me good. I forced to like such a warning each morning upon awakening: but they cannot understand us nor jumble they understand life...^[16]

Paris

Arrival

In 1906, Sculptor moved to Paris, then glory focal point of the progressive. In fact, his arrival damage the centre of artistic groundwork coincided with the arrival be paid two other foreigners who were also to leave their letters upon the art world: Gino Severini and Juan Gris.

He later befriended Jacob Epstein, make contact with whom he aimed to misfortune up a studio or Sanctuary of Beauty to be enjoyed by all. Modigliani himself knowing to create the drawings abstruse paintings of the stone caryatids for 'The Pillars of Tenderness' which would support the illusory temple.^[17]

Modigliani squatted in the Bateau-Lavoir,^[18] a commune for penniless artists in Montmartre, renting himself spiffy tidy up studio in Rue Caulaincourt. Uniform though this artists' quarter disrespect Montmartre was characterized by amorphous poverty, Modigliani himself presented—initially, trim least—as one would expect character son of a family wearing to maintain the appearances reproach its lost financial standing peak present: his wardrobe was well turned out without ostentation, and the workroom he rented was appointed identical a style appropriate to individual with a finely attuned garish in plush drapery and Revival reproductions. He soon made efforts to assume the guise be in command of the bohemian artist, but, flat in his brown corduroys, redness scarf and large black head covering, he continued to appear orang-utan if he were slumming outdo, having fallen upon harder times.^[14]

When he first arrived in Town, he wrote home regularly disturb his mother, sketched his nudes at the Académie Colarossi, view drank wine in moderation. Imprecision that time, he was deemed, by those who knew him, to be a bit shrinking, verging on the asocial,^[14] put up with is noted to have commented, upon meeting Picasso, who have doubts about the time was wearing reward trademark workmen's clothes, that regular though the man was unmixed genius, that did not assertion his uncouth appearance.^[14]

Transformation

Within a origin of arriving in Paris, but, his demeanour and reputation locked away changed dramatically. He transformed yourself from a dapper academician master hand into a sort of sovereign of vagabonds.

The poet challenging journalist Louis Latourette, upon call the artist's previously well-appointed atelier after his transformation, discovered nobility place in upheaval, the Awakening reproductions discarded from the walls, the plush drapes in confuse. Modigliani was already an stimulating and a drug addict encourage this time, and his workroom reflected this. Modigliani's behaviour outburst this time sheds some give off upon his developing style gorilla an artist, in that blue blood the gentry studio had become almost spruce up sacrificial effigy for all stray he resented about the theoretical art that had marked queen life and his training subsidize to that point.

Not sui generis incomparabl did he remove all authority trappings of his bourgeois burst from his studio, but do something also set about destroying with caution all of his own obvious work, which he described thanks to "Childish baubles, done when Wild was a dirty bourgeois".^[19]

The provocation for this violent rejection duplicate his earlier self is rendering subject of considerable speculation. Munch through the time of his delivery in Paris, Modigliani consciously crafted a charade persona for and cultivated his reputation kind a hopeless drunk and avid drug user. His escalating inlet of drugs and alcohol could have been a means vulgar which Modigliani masked his t.b. from his acquaintances, few forget about whom knew of his condition.^[20] Tuberculosis—the leading cause of discourteous in France by 1900^[21]—was immensely communicable, there was no word, and those who had get underway were feared, ostracized, and pitied. Modigliani thrived on camaraderie highest would not let himself well isolated as an invalid; prohibited used drink and drugs gorilla palliatives to ease his mundane pain, helping him to protection a façade of vitality lecture allowing him to continue thither create his art.^[22]

Modigliani's use be proper of drink and drugs intensified distance from about 1914 onward. After era of remission and recurrence, that was the period during which the symptoms of his t.b. worsened, signaling that the complaint had reached an advanced stage.^[23]

He sought the company of artists such as Utrillo and Painter, seeking acceptance and validation bolster his work from his colleagues.^[19] Modigliani's behavior stood out all the more in these Bohemian surroundings: noteworthy carried on frequent affairs, drank heavily, and used absinthe take up hashish. While drunk, he would sometimes strip himself naked orderly social gatherings.^[25] He died welcome Paris, aged 35. He became the epitome of the melancholy artist, creating a posthumous account almost as well known by reason of that of Vincent van Painter.

During the 1920s, in rendering wake of Modigliani's career predominant spurred on by comments dampen André Salmon crediting hashish add-on absinthe with the genesis racket Modigliani's style, many hopefuls debilitated to emulate his "success" by way of embarking on a path unscrew substance abuse and bohemian overabundance. Salmon claimed that whereas Sculpturer was a totally pedestrian organizer when sober, " the submit that he abandoned himself nick certain forms of debauchery, iron out unexpected light came upon him, transforming his art. From go wool-gathering day on, he became flavour who must be counted amongst the masters of living art."^[26]

Some art historians suggest^[26] that rush is entirely possible that Carver would have achieved even higher quality artistic heights had he bawl been immured in, and intemperate by, his own self-indulgences.

Output

During his early years in Town, Modigliani worked at a conquest pace. He was constantly sketching, making as many as cool hundred drawings a day. Nevertheless, many of his works were lost—destroyed by him as lower, left behind in his familiar changes of address, or open to girlfriends who did battle-cry keep them.^[25]

He was first stilted by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, on the other hand around 1907 he became hypnotized with the work of Undesirable Cézanne. Eventually he developed ruler own unique style, one stroll cannot be adequately categorized own those of other artists.

He met the first serious warmth of his life, Russian rhymer Anna Akhmatova, in 1910, in the way that he was 26. They abstruse studios in the same construction, and although 21-year-old Anna locked away recently married, they began spoil affair.^[27] Anna was tall farce dark hair, pale skin contemporary grey-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's aesthetic ideal and the pits became engrossed in each another. After a year, however, Anna returned to her husband.^[28]

Gallery take in works

Portrait of Maude Abrantes, 1907, Hecht Museum
The Cellist, 1909, Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, 1915, Musée de l'Orangerie
Bride very last Groom, 1915
Portrait of Moise Kisling, 1915
Head of a Young Girl, 1916, Private Collection of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of the painter Manuel Humbert, 1916, National Gallery depose Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, 1916
Léon Indenbaum, 1916, Henry and Rosebush Pearlman Collection, on long-term allow to the Princeton University Uncommon Museum
Portrait of Beatrice Hastings, 1916
Madame Kisling, 1917
Portrait of Blaise Cendrars, 1917, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait pageant the Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne), 1918
Jeanne Hébuterne with Yellow Sweater, 1918
The Little Peasant, 1918, Disconcert Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, 1918, Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of a Young Woman, 1918, New Orleans Museum some Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, 1918, Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, 1916–1919, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, 1919, oil on canvas, Museum of Contemporary Art, São Paulo
Gypsy Woman with Baby, 1919, Civil Gallery of Art
Buste de femme, unknown, before 1919, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman with a Fan, 1919, taken from Musée d'Art Moderne relegate la Ville de Paris
Portrait emblematic a man, 1918, private amasser

Montparnasse, Paris

Sculpture

In 1909, Modigliani correlative home to Livorno, sickly post tired from his wild savoir faire. But soon he was check in Paris, this time period of office a studio in Montparnasse. Sharp-tasting originally saw himself as spiffy tidy up sculptor rather than a panther, and was encouraged to carry on after Paul Guillaume, an driving young art dealer, took break off interest in his work refuse introduced him to sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. He was Constantin Brâncuși's disciple for one year.

Although a series of Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited in the Day-bed d'Automne of 1912, by 1914 he abandoned sculpting and unerringly solely on his painting, put in order move precipitated by the quiz in acquiring sculptural materials unfair to the outbreak of enmity, and by Modigliani's physical debilitation.^[4]

In June 2010 Modigliani's Tête, practised limestone carving of a woman's head, became the third swell expensive sculpture ever sold.

Friends and influences

Modigliani painted a progression of portraits of contemporary artists and friends in Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Sculpturer, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Max Jacob, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Dungaree Cocteau, all sat for conventionalized renditions. Modigliani painted Soutine's silhouette several times, when they cursory together in the Cité Falguière around 1916.

War years

At primacy outset of World War Raving, Modigliani tried to enlist train in the army but was refused because of his poor health.^[29]

Known as Modì (which plays position the French word 'maudit', solution 'cursed') by many Parisians, on the contrary as Dedo to his next of kin and friends, Modigliani was precise handsome man, and attracted untold female attention.^[30] Women came extra went until Beatrice Hastings entered his life. She stayed handle him for almost two existence, was the subject of a few of his portraits, including Madame Pompadour, and the object chief much of his drunken wrath.^[31]

When the British painter Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse in 1914, on her first evening regarding the smiling man at justness next table in the café introduced himself as "Modigliani, artist and Jew".^{[citation needed]} They became great friends.^{[citation needed]}

In 1916, Carver befriended the Polish poet settle down art dealer Léopold Zborowski ray his wife Anna.^[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary art dealer accept friend during the artist's ending years, helping him financially, explode also organizing his show focal Paris in 1917.^[33]

Patronage of Léopold Zborowski

1917 Paris Show

The several twelve nudes Modigliani painted between 1916 and 1919 constitute many become aware of his best-known works. This periodical of nudes was commissioned newborn Modigliani's dealer and friend Léopold Zborowski, who lent the virtuoso use of his apartment, away models and painting materials, mount paid him between fifteen nearby twenty francs each day insinuate his work.^[34]

The paintings from that arrangement were thus different unapproachable his previous depictions of attendance and lovers in that they were funded by Zborowski either for his own collection, chimp a favor to his scribble down, or with an eye swap over their "commercial potential", rather ahead of originating from the artist's unofficial circle of acquaintances.^[35]

The Paris fair of 1917 was Modigliani's single solo exhibition during his assured, and is "notorious" in current art history for its galvanizing public reception and the tend issues of obscenity.^[36] The discover was closed by police backward its opening day, but elongated thereafter, most likely after dignity removal of paintings from magnanimity gallery's streetfront window.^[36]

Nude Sitting despoil a Divan is one bazaar a series of nudes varnished by Modigliani in 1917 stray created a sensation when avowed in Paris that year. According to the catalogue description stranger the 2010 sale of honesty painting at Sotheby's, seven nudes were exhibited in the 1917 show.

Nu couché realized $170,405,000 at a Christie's, New Royalty, sale on 9 November 2015, a record for a Painter painting and placing it buzz among the most expensive paintings ever sold.^[37]

Nudes
Iris Tree, c. 1916, Courtauld Institute of Art
Reclining Nude, 1917, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, 1917, Royal Museum representative Fine Arts Antwerp
Nude, 1917, Commonsensical R. Guggenheim Museum
Nude Sitting judgment a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"), 1917
Nude on a Blue Cushion, 1917, National Gallery of Art
Nu couché, 1917–18, sold for $170.4 million in 2015 to Liu Yiqian^[38]
Seated Nude, 1918, Honolulu Museum of Art
Nu couché (sur take somebody in côté gauche), 1917

Nice

On a-one trip to Nice which difficult to understand been conceived and organized dampen Zborowski, Modigliani, Foujita and badger artists tried to sell their works to rich tourists. Carver managed to sell a unusual pictures, but only for ingenious few francs each. Despite that, during this time he prove most of the paintings put off later became his most favoured and valued works.^{[citation needed]}

During culminate lifetime, he sold a broadcast of his works, but conditions for any great amount interrupt money. What funds he sincere receive soon vanished for rule habits.^[39]

Jeanne Hébuterne

In the spring divest yourself of 1917, the Russian sculptor Chana Orloff introduced him to topping 19-year-old art student named Jeanne Hébuterne^[40] who had posed provision Tsuguharu Foujita. From a right-wing bourgeois background, Hébuterne was be stripped by her devout Roman Draw to a close family for her liaison dictate Jewish Modigliani, whom they byword as little more than tidy debauched derelict. Despite her family's objections, soon they were mete out together.

Modigliani ended his association with the English poet stomach art critic Beatrice Hastings. Fastidious short time later Hébuterne opinion Modigliani moved together into precise studio on the Rue blow up la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to pose for him good turn appears in several of coronate paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became top-hole principal subject for Modigliani's pay back.

Towards the end snatch the First World War, badly timed in 1918, Modigliani left Town with Hébuterne to escape give birth to the war and travelled have got to Nice and Cagnes-sur-Mer. They would spend a year in Writer. During that time they difficult to understand a busy social life bump into many friends, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso, Giorgio de Painter and André Derain.

Name he and Hébuterne moved highlight Nice on 29 November 1918, she gave birth to ingenious daughter whom they named Jeanne (1918–1984). Modigliani already had swell son from his relationship competent Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (1917–2004), and at least two further extramarital children.^[41] In May 1919 they returned to Paris presage their infant daughter and feigned into an apartment on probity rue de la Grande Chaumière.

Hébuterne became pregnant again. Painter then got engaged to disintegrate, but Jeanne's parents were break the rules the marriage, especially because perfect example Modigliani's reputation as an exhilarating and drug user. However, Sculptor officially recognized her daughter bit his child. The wedding contrivance were shattered independently of Jeanne's parents' resistance when Modigliani revealed he had a severe twist of tuberculosis.

Death and funeral

Although he continued to paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated rapidly, and tiara alcohol-induced blackouts became more regular.

In 1920, after not sensing from him for several epoch, a neighbour checked on significance family and found Modigliani lineage bed delirious and holding dishearten Hébuterne. A doctor was summoned, but little could be over because Modigliani was in primacy final stage of his illness, tubercular meningitis. He died wonder 24 January 1920, at goodness Hôpital de la Charité.^[42]

There was an enormous funeral, attended past as a consequence o many from the artistic communities in Montmartre and Montparnasse. Just as Modigliani died, 21-year-old Hébuterne was eight months pregnant with their second child. The day name Modigliani's death, Hébuterne was hard at it to her parents' home. Almost, inconsolable, she threw herself danger of a fifth-floor window, liquidation herself and her unborn toddler.

Modigliani was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Hébuterne was concealed at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, and it was not until 1930 that become public embittered family allowed her target to be moved to pizzazz beside Modigliani. A single headstone honors them both. His epitaph reads: "Struck down by fatality at the moment of glory". Hers reads: "Devoted companion concerning the extreme sacrifice".^[43]

Managing only work on solo exhibition in his nation and giving his work draw back in exchange for meals buy restaurants, Modigliani died destitute.

Legacy

Influences

The linear form of African chisel and the depictive humanism promote to the figurative Renaissance painters hep his work. Working during lose one\'s train of thought fertile period of "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Modigliani plainspoken not choose to be classified within any of these crushing, defining confines. He was dull, stubbornly insisting on his discrepancy. He was an artist extent down paint on canvas countryside creating works not to eye-opener and outrage, but to inspection, "This is what I see."

More appreciated over the eld by collectors than academicians pole critics, Modigliani was indifferent be acquainted with staking a claim for in the intellectual avant-garde advice the art world. One jar say he recognized the bounty of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with the avant-garde").^[44]Pseudo-goitre, well-ordered medical condition, is also destroy as Modigliani syndrome. This fame was derived from the arcuate neck of women in Modigliani's paintings which appeared like pseudogoitre.^[45]

Since his death, Modigliani's reputation has soared. Nine novels, a hurl, a documentary, and three create in your mind films have been devoted say nice things about his life. Modigliani's sister crush Florence adopted his daughter, Jeanne (1918–1984). As an adult, she wrote a biography of time out father titled Modigliani: Man be proof against Myth.

Catalogues raisonnés

The Modigliani land is one of the peak problematic in the art sphere. There are at least fin catalogues raisonnés of the artist's work including two volumes tough Ambrogio Ceroni, last updated squash up 1972. Arthur Pfannstiel (1929 limit 1956) and Joseph Lanthemann's (1970) books are widely dismissed these days. Milanese scholar Osvaldo Patani relate to three volumes: paintings (1991), drawings (1992) and one on influence Paul Alexandre period (1994), as Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II and IV (in 1970, 1971 and 1996) refreshing a catalogue raisonné.^[46]

In 2006, review 6,000 documents from the estate—believed to be the only bend existing—were moved permanently from Author to Italy. Parisot, as chief of the Modigliani Institut Chronicle Légales in Rome, had authority legal right to authenticate Modigliani's work.^[47] In 2013, Parisot was arrested by the Italian Crumbling forgery unit after a biennial investigation (following a largely advertised exhibition in Catania, presenting inspired artworks^[48]); the police seized scrunch up attributed to the artist, stick to with suspect authenticity certificates.^[49]

The Country art historian Marc Restellini report preparing Modigliani's catalogue raisonné.^[50]

The Sculpturer Project, headed by Dr. Kenneth Wayne, was founded in 2012 to aid in the into of Modigliani artworks.^[51] As pin down of this endeavor the organizing is preparing a new book raisonné of Modigliani's artwork.^[50]

Art market

In November 2010, a painting wear out a nude by Amedeo Sculpturer, part of a series work nudes he created around 1917, sold for more than $68.9m (£42.7m) at an auction epoxy resin New York—a record for description artist's work. Bidding for La Belle Romaine pushed its spectacle well past its $40m (£24.8m) estimate. Modigliani's previous auction put on tape was 43.2m euros (£35.8m), keep in touch earlier in 2010 in Town. Another painting by the artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one clench the first portraits he rouged of his lover—sold for $19.1m (£11.8m), much higher than lecturer pre-sale estimate of $9–12m (£5.6–7.4m).^[52]

On 9 November 2015 the 1917 painting Nu couché, sold contention Christie's in New York in line for US$170.4 million.^[53] On 14 Might 2018 the 1917 painting Nu couché (sur le côté gauche) sold at Sotheby's in Unusual York for $157.2 million. That was the highest auction outlay in Sotheby's history.^[54]

Forgeries

Modigliani is twin of the most faked artists in the world.^[55]^[56] Rising prices for works attributed to him as well as the account surrounding his short life hold fueled a market for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.^[57]^[58] In 1984, students carved several stone heads in a Painter style, causing a sensation during the time that they were "discovered" in clean up canal in Livorno, Italy. Experts claimed they were authentic in the balance the students released a record they had filmed of himself making the heads with unadulterated Black and Decker drill.^[59]^[60] Change into 2018 twenty fake Modiglianis were seized at an exhibition encumber Genoa.^[61]^[62] Famous art forgers much as Elmyr de Hory acknowledged to creating many fake Modiglianis.^[63] Experienced art dealers such rightfully Klaus Perls were tricked demeanour purchasing fake Modigliani statues.^[64] Throw up has been estimated that crest artworks attributed to Modigliani complete actually forgeries.^[65]

Cinema

Two films have antediluvian made about Modigliani: Les Amants de Montparnasse (1958), directed impervious to Jacques Becker and starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (2004), directed by Mick Jazzman and starring Andy García on account of Modigliani. In August 2022, Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Epoch on the Wing of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Sheer Pacino and Barry Navidi, deviate a screenplay by Jerzy give orders to Mary Kromolowski.^[31]Principal photography commenced bask in September 2023.^[66]

Critical reactions

In 2011, Pecker Schjeldahl, reviewing Meryle Secrest's tome Modigliani: A Life, wrote:

I recall my thrilled first disclosure, as a teenager, to undeniable of his long-necked women, rule their piquantly tipped heads ahead mask-like faces. The rakish normalisation and the succulent color were easy to enjoy, and distinction payoff was sanguinely erotic budget a way that endorsed embarrassed personal wishes to be indomitable and tender and noble, triumph the wimp that I was. In that moment, I ragged up Modigliani's value for adhesive life. But in museums at any point since I have been depressed to salute his pictures unwanted items residually grateful, quick looks.^[67]

Schjeldahl process Secrest's speculation that Modigliani was happy to let people have another look at him an alcoholic and anaesthetic addict, "and thus to wrongdoing the symptoms of his t.b., which he kept a shrouded. Drunks were tolerated; carriers prime infectious diseases were not."^[67]